@article {aFelip-Pomes26, title = {Video-based fruit detection and tracking: effects of scanning conditions on fruit load estimation}, journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, volume = {255}, year = {2026}, month = {12/2026}, abstract = {

Automated fruit counting and yield estimation systems are necessary for efficient orchard management. This study presents a computer vision system based on video multi-object-tracking for fruit load estimation in apple orchards and provides a comprehensive analysis of the system performance under diverse scanning conditions. The system integrates fruit detection, tracking, localization within orchard, and fruit load map generation. Experiments were carried out in an experimental apple orchard containing 420 apple trees. Data was collected with two different RGB-D sensors (Azure Kinect DK and ZED 2) at three different scanning distances (125 cm, 175 cm, and 225 cm) on two different dates prior to the harvest. Comparing the two evaluated sensors, Azure Kinect provided more consistent performance across different dates. Results also show that the longer scanning distance improves accuracy due to seeing the full tree view gives better fruit counts than close partial views. Between the two dates, best results were achieved near harvest due to fruit color at this stage, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.91 \% and a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.733 (using ZED2 sensor at 225 cm distance). Finally, a test comparing scanning from one or both sides of the tree row showed that bilateral scanning improved fruit load estimation at the stretch level by incorporating information from both sides of the canopy. The results of this work demonstrate the effectiveness of the video fruit tracking systems as a useful tool for automating fruit load estimation.

}, keywords = {deep learning, Fruit counting, Precision agriculture, RGB-D cameras, Yield mapping}, doi = {10.1016/j.compag.2026.112330}, url = {https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0168-1699(26)00928-2}, author = {Felip-Pom{\'e}s, M. and Gen{\'e}-Mola, Jordi and Arn{\'o}, J. and Lordan, J. and Ruiz-Hidalgo, J. and Morros, J.R. and Arasanz-Malo, M. and Net-Barn{\'e}s, F. and Gregorio, Eduard} }